Bangladesh formally the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a ruler state situated in South Asia. It is surrounded by India on all sides apart from for a small boundary with Myanmar to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Jointly with the Indian condition of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic province of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the bureaucrat Bengali language.
The boundaries of present-day Bangladesh were recognized with the divider of Bengal and India in 1947, when the province became East Pakistan, part of the recently shaped nation of Pakistan. But, it was alienated from the western wing by 1,600 km (994 mi) of Indian country. Due to following exclusion, cultural and linguistic bias, and economic abandon by the politically-dominant West Pakistan, well-liked campaigning grew next to West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh freedom War in 1971, which the Bengali people won with the sustain of India. After autonomy, the new state endured famines, natural disasters and widespread poverty, as well as political turmoil and military coups. The reinstatement of democratic system in 1991 has been followed by family member calm and financial progress.
Bangladesh is a material democracy and a parliamentary democratic system, with a chosen assembly called the Jatiyo Sangshad. It is the eighth most densely inhabited country and in the middle of the most thickly populated countries in the world. A high poverty rate prevails, though the United Nations has highly praised Bangladesh for achieving marvelous development in person development. in nature, the country straddles the productive Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta and is subject to yearly torrential rain floods and cyclones.
The country is scheduled in the middle of the Next Eleven economies and Global Growth producer countries. It is a beginning member of the South Asian Association for local collaboration, the D-8 and BIMSTEC, and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of the Islamic meeting and the Non-Aligned group. However, Bangladesh continues to face a figure of major challenges, including widespread political and technical dishonesty, economic opposition relative to the world, serious overpopulation, widespread poverty, and an rising danger of hydrologic shocks brought on by ecological susceptibility to type of weather change.
History
Remnants of culture in the bigger Bengal area date back four thousand years, when the region was established by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact source of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is not recognized, although it is supposed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that established in the area around the year 1000 BC.
The kingdom of Gangaridai was created from at least the 7th century BC, which later on combined with Bihar under the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan and Sunga Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta country and Harsha territory from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE. Following its fall down, a lively Bengali named Shashanka founded a remarkable short-lived kingdom. Following a period of disorder, the bengali Buddhist Pala family ruled the area for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Medieval European geographers situated paradise at the mouth of the Ganges and even though this was over hopeful, Bengal was almost certainly the wealthiest part of the subcontinent up until the 16th century. The area's early on history featured a sequence of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle flanked by Hinduism and Buddhism for supremacy.
Islam was introducing to Bengal in the 12th century by Arab Muslim merchants; Sufi missionaries and subsequent Muslim take-over helped spread Islam all through the region. Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkic general, beaten Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and under enemy manage large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. The area was ruled by dynasty of Sultans and land lords Bhuiyan for the next few hundred years. By the 16th century, the Mughal Empire forbidden Bengal, and Dhaka became a significant local centre of Mughal management.
European traders at home late in the 15th century and their power grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal subsequent the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The gory revolt of 1857 known as the Sepoy rebellion resulted in transfer of power to the crown with a British viceroy organization the management. During regal rule, food shortage racked the Indian subcontinent many times, counting the Great Bengal food shortage of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.
Among 1905 and 1911, an unsuccessful attempt was made to separate the region of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the assets of the eastern zone. When India was partitioned in 1947, Bengal was partitioned all along holy lines, with the western fraction going to India and the eastern part (Muslims majority) joining Pakistan as a region called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.
In 1950, land improvement was talented in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari system. Regardless of the financial and demographic weight of the east, though, Pakistan's government and military were largely under enemy control by the higher classes from the west. The Bengali Language association of 1952 was the first sign of resistance flanked by the two wings of Pakistan. Displeasure with the central government over financial and cultural issues sustained to rise through the next decade, throughout which the Awami League emerged as the following voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It nervous for independence in the 1960s, and in 1966, its leader, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), was jailed; he was unconfined in 1969 after an unparalleled well-liked uprising. In 1970, a massive cyclone overwhelmed the coast of East Pakistan, killing up to half a million people, and the middle government responded poorly. The Bengali population's annoyance was compounded at what time Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who’s Awami League won a larger part in assembly in the 1970 elections, was barren from taking office.
After performance cooperation talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan under arrest him in the early hours of 26 March 1971, and launched process Searchlight, a continued armed physical attack on East Pakistan. Yahya's methods were tremendously bloody, and the aggression of the war resulted in many civilian deaths. Chief targets incorporated intellectuals and Hindus, and concerning ten million refugees fled to neighbouring India. Estimates of those massacred all through the war variety from three hundred thousand to 3 million.
Previous to his take into custody by the Pakistan Army, Sk. Mujibur Rahman officially affirmed the self-government of Bangladesh, and directed everyone to brawl till the last soldier of the Pakistan military was dispossessed from East Pakistan. Awami League leaders place up a government-in-exile in Calcutta, India. The exile government officially took oath at Mujib Nagar in Kustia region of East Pakistan on 17 April 1971, with Tajuddin Ahmad as the first Prime Minister.
After Mujib affirmed self-government of Bangladesh, Yahyah's brutal crackdown, counting a virtual butchery of the intelligentsia in the universities of Bangladesh, was similar in method to the war crimes of the Nazis. Intercontinental public view was shocked and a tidal wave of unfortunate refugees, their number soon attainment 10 million, required shelter in India.
The Bangladesh freedom War lasted for nine months. The Bangladesh Forces created within 11 sectors led by universal M.A.G. Osmani consisting of Bengali customers, and Mukti Bahini conducted an enormous guerilla war next to the Pakistan Forces with all out maintain from the Indian Armed armed forces. Together, the Mitro Bahini achieved an important victory over Pakistan on 16 December 1971, with Indian carrying weapons Forces captivating over 90,000 prisoners of war.
After its self-government, Bangladesh became a parliamentary democratic system, with Mujib as the Prime Minister. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami association gained a total majority. A countrywide food shortage occurred during 1973 and 1974, and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party collective rule with his recently formed BAKSAL. On 15 August 1975, Mujib and most of his relations members were assassinated by mid-level military officers. A series of blood-spattered coups and counter-coups in the subsequent three months culminated in the climb to power of universal Ziaur Rahman, who reinstated multi-party government, and founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zia's rule broken when he was assassinated by rudiments of the armed in 1981.
Bangladesh's after that main ruler was General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who gained power in a bloodless coup in 1982, and ruled until 1990, when he was enforced to resign after a enormous revolt of all major following parties and the public, along with force from western donors. Given that then, Bangladesh has reverted to a parliamentary democratic system. Zia's widow, Khaleda Zia, lead the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary take-over at the worldwide vote in 1991, and became the primary feminine Prime Minister in Bangladeshi history. However, the Awami association, headed by Sheikh Hasina, one of Mujib's existing daughters, won the next vote in 1996. It lost again to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 2001.
On 11 January 2007, subsequent extensive political unrest, a concierge government was selected to administer the next universal election. The country had suffered from wide corruption, disorder and political aggression. The new caretaker government has completed it a priority to root out dishonesty beginning all levels of government. To this end, many distinguished politicians and officials, the length of with large information of lesser officials and party members, have been under arrest on corruption charges. The caretaker government held what observers described as a mainly gratis and fair vote on 29 December 2008. Awami League's Sheikh Hasina won the election with a mud slide conquest and took the oath of Prime Minister on 6 January 2009.
Geography and climate
Bangladesh lies flanked by latitudes 20° and 27°N, and longitudes 88° and 93°E.
Bangladesh is inside the low-lying Ganges-Brahmaputra River. This delta is shaped by the flowing together of the Ganges (local name Padma or Pôdda), Brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna also known as "Yamuna"), and Meghna rivers and their own tributary. The Ganges unites by means of the Jamuna and later joins the Meghna to ultimately unfilled into the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers has shaped some of the most productive plains in the world. Bangladesh has 57 trans-boundary rivers, creation water issues politically complex to resolve in most luggages as the inferior riparian state to India. Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 m (39.4 ft) higher than the sea level, and it is supposed that concerning 10% of the land would be busy if the sea level were to rise by 1 m (3.28 ft).
In south east Bangladesh experiment have been done because the sixties to construct by means of nature'. By implementing irritated dams, the natural accumulation of silt has shaped new land. With Dutch financial support, the Bangladeshi government began to help expand this new land in the late 1970s. The attempt has since turn out to be multiagency procedure structure roads, culverts, embankment, cyclone shelters, toilets and ponds, as well as distributing land to settlers. By fall 2010, the agenda will have selected some 27,000 acres (10,927 ha) to 21,000 families.
The uppermost summit in Bangladesh is in Mowdok diversity at 1,052 m (3,451 ft) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country. Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has seashore that stretch unremitting in excess of 120 kilometers (75 mi).
With a leg on each side of the Tropic of growth, Bangladeshi climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, moist summer from March to June. A warm and humid torrential rain season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's precipitation. Natural calamity, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur in the region of every year, joint with the possessions of deforestation, soil nastiness and wearing away. The tropical storm of 1970 and 1991 were predominantly overwhelming. A tropical storm that struck Bangladesh in 1991 killed a number of 140,000 people.
In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the harshest flooding in contemporary earth history. As the Brahmaputra, the Ganges in addition to Meghna spilt over and swallow 300,000 houses, 9,700 kilometers (6,027 mi) of road and 2,700 kilometers (1,678 mi) of mound 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more were made dispossessed with 135,000 cattle killed, 50 square kilometers (19.3 sq mi) of land shattered and 11,000 kilometers (6,835 mi) of roads injured or shattered. Two-thirds of the country was undersea. There were more than a few reasons for the harshness of the flooding. Firstly, there were strangely high pouring rain rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally strangely high quantity of melt water that year. Thirdly, trees that more often than not would have interrupted rain water had been cut down for kindling or to make space intended for animals.
Bangladesh is now extensively documented to be one of the country’s most susceptible to climate change. ordinary hazards that come from greater than before rainfall, rising sea levels, and steamy cyclones are predictable to increase as type of weather change, each dangerously affecting crop growing, water & food safety, human health and protection. It is believed that in the pending decades the increasing sea level unaccompanied will create additional than 20 million climate refugee. Bangladeshi water is impure with arsenic regularly because of the high arsenic inside in the soil. Up to 77 million people are open to the elements to toxic arsenic from drinking water. Bangladesh is in the middle of the country most prone to expected floods, tornados and cyclones.
Flora and fauna
A main part of the shoreline comprise a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forested area in the world and home to an assortment of flora and fauna, together with the Royal Bengal Tiger. In 1997, this region was declared in danger of extinction. The Magpie Robin is the National Bird of Bangladesh in addition to it is extensive and acknowledged as the Doyel or Duel. It is an expansively used demonstration in Bangladesh, appearing on legal tender notes and a familiar sight in the city of Dhaka is named as the Doyel Chatwar. The national blossom of the country is hose down lily, which is known as Shiplap. The national fruit is jackfruit, which in Bengali is acknowledged as Kathal. In late 2010, the Bangladeshi government number one the Mango tree as the nationwide tree.
